Runners with high RE demonstrate lower energetic cost at submaximal velocity and consequently tend to run faster at given distance or longer at a constant velocity.Ī number of biomechanical (e.g., gait patterns, kinematics, and the kinetics ofrunning) and physiological factors (e.g., oxidative muscle capacity) seem to influence RE in trained athletes. Running economy (RE), defined as the energy demand for a given velocity of submaximal running, is an important predictor of aerobic running performance, particularly in elite runners who have a similar aerobic power (i.e., maximal oxygen uptake, VO 2max). Finally, a single session of resistance exercise or downhill running (i.e., repeated bout effect) attenuates changes in indirect markers of muscle damage and blunts changes in RE. However, strength exercise (i.e., jumps, isoinertial and isokinetic eccentric exercises) seems to impair RE only for subsequent high-intensity exercise (~90% VO 2max). Specifically, the muscular damage induced by an acute bout of downhill running has been shown to reduce RE during subsequent moderate and high-intensity exercise (>65% VO 2max). Some studies have demonstrated that exercise-induced muscle damage has a negative impact on endurance running performance. ![]() However, these exercise types, particularly when they are unaccustomed activities for the individuals, may cause delayed onset muscle soreness, swelling, and reduced muscle strength. Plyometric and resistance trainings, performed during a relatively short period of time (~15–30 days), have been successfully used to improve RE in trained athletes. At the time of its origin the ownership of printing houses was reserved for Christian citizens.Running economy (RE), defined as the energy demand for a given velocity of submaximal running, has been identified as a critical factor of overall distance running performance. Actually, there is no evidence of any connection between Jews and the Schwabacher typeface. The statement ignores the fact that Schwabacher originated from the earlier Rotunda blackletter script and late medieval Bastarda types. Amann will first change those papers and magazines to normal typeface, that are already spread abroad or are wanted to be. As soon as this is possible for school books, in schools only the normal typeface will be taught.Īuthorities will refrain from using the Schwabacher Jew-letters in future certificates of appointment, road signs and similar will only be produced in normal typeface in future. Step by step all printing products have to be changed to this normal typeface. Today the Führer decided in a meeting with Reichsleiter Max Amann and book printing shop owner Adolf Müller, that the Antiqua typeface is to be called the normal typeface in future. Like they later gained control of the newspapers, the Jews living in Germany had seized control over the printing shops at introduction of the printing press, so that the Schwabacher Jew-letters were heavily introduced in Germany. In fact, the gothic typeface consists of Jew-letters from Schwabach. Regarding and calling the so called gothic typeface as a German typeface is wrong. ![]() ![]() On behalf of the Führer I notify for common attention that: When the Nazis officially abandoned the widely used Fraktur type by Martin Bormann's Normalschrifterlass of 3 January 1941, it was called Schwabacher Judenlettern ("Jew-letters of Schwabach"): It was still used occasionally until the mid 20th century. Schwabacher became widely known with the spread of Luther Bibles from 1522.Īfter Schwabacher was displaced by Fraktur as the most-used German language type style from about 1530, it remained in common use as a secondary typeface for emphasis in a similar way to italic. 1440–1513) used them for the publication of the Nuremberg Chronicle (in both Latin and German) in 1493, and Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528) for his Apocalypse series in 1498. Schwabacher types appeared in the Free Imperial City of Nuremberg from about 1485: Anton Koberger ( c. While the Latin Gutenberg Bible was still set in Textualis type, the oldest preserved Schwabacher incunable dates from 1472, and was printed in Augsburg. In the context of German language texts, Schwabacher appeared vibrant and popular. The lower-case g and upper-case H have particularly distinctive forms. Similar to Rotunda, the rounded Schwabacher types were nearer to handwriting than the former Textualis style, though it also includes sharp edges.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |